गुरुवार, 23 अप्रैल 2015

A STINGING SLAP OF THE 'REAL' AAM AADMI






                     A   STINGING SLAP OF THE   ‘REAL’   AAM  AADMI

Gajendra Singh the farmer from Dausa , Rajasthan  who committed suicide in New Delhi on 22April during the rally of the Aam Aadmi party has shocked the  Nation and revealed  the complacency of the urban centric political parties. He; in his sacrifice has given a stinging slap to all the politicians and bureaucrats who are actually collectively thick  skinned. People were  known to commit suicide in metropolitan areas owing to loneliness, depression failure in business/love etc but the problem has shifted to rural areas since the launch of the liberalization in early nineties. Lakhs of farmers have committed suicide , the primary reason being unable to pay the debt due failure of crop / cash crop. And nobody seem to learn from the tragedy as the main political parties were busy through the day to milk political mileage from it.
    Gandhiji had written and advocated of the ‘Village Republic’ wherein each village would be a self sufficient entity but our new Sarkar propagates of 100 smart cities! Where will they make the cities? On the graves of the farmers ! By thrusting the Land acquisition bill with all the means under command!
The farmers are the most vulnerable community, they need protection  as they cannot mobilize themselves  the way the industry workers do, owing to the inherent economic and environmental insecurities they are unable to sustain their movement for long. Rural life is difficult and those of us who have sympathy with their cause are unable to spend time amidst them as our romantic notions  fade  when the brutal rural reality hits us . Journalists fleet around the place during election campaigns, very few committed journalists sustain their concern P Sainath is one name  whose seminal work in the book ‘Every body loves a good draught’ is much revered.
 Gajendra Singh threw a suicide note prior to his taking his own life; the last  words were “ Jai Jawan Jai Kisan” . He saluted the two communities serving selflessly the Nation and being  ignored ! He travelled to the seat of power to make himself hear!!

It is reported that he was recipient of many awards for tying  Pagri in various styles . His handsome face and colourful Pagri will haunt us for long; hope it results in some change of heart and mind  -for the good of the farmers!

शुक्रवार, 3 अप्रैल 2015

DETECTIVE BYOMKESH BAKSHY




                        DETECTIVE BYOMKESH BAKSHY

  I was looking forward to this film and so booked my tickets in advance and went alone for the 0230PM show at Jagdamba Vizag today. It could be that I had high expectations from the film or whatever but it did not excite me and all along together with the quiet audience I was looking and searching for something to take home but returned subdued. I had to pep up myself with a hot cup of coffee and onion Uttapam at Sai Ram tiffin .

   The film is set in the early forties of Kolkata when the world war 2 is in full swing the Japanese have captured Burma and are making plans to capture India and Kolkata. Against this backdrop there is a Chinese gang operating in Kolkata dealing in opium smuggling. Arrives  a young man to meet Byomkesh Bakshy the renowned detective to request him to find out the whereabouts of his father who has been missing since last two months after initial hesitation and altercations he accepts the case and the complex plot unfolds and as the movie progresses it  becomes  complicated and murkier and murkier. Many characters are introduced ; from seductive siren to shaky roommate to Japanese Doctor to student leaders and politicians but no novelty emerges.  There  are murders and betrayals and a  plot to capture power with the help of the opium  dealers .The end is the usual Bollywood style with the villain showing his true colours and characters and scenarios influenced by Torantino. Loud western music unrelated to the theme and period keeps blaring in the background; the sweetness of Bengali music as seen in so many detective movies and short films  of Ray seem untapped. In trying to do something new Dipankar Bannerjee fails to kindle excitement among the audience as he did so well in his initial three films- Khosla ka Ghosla, LSD and  Oye Lucky.
  
    I also felt that the director perhaps was too busy creating the period of early forties of Kolkata that he failed to ignite the story or present the story in an interesting way. I have this impression that an Indian audience is not prepared for many twists and turns, a single but solid twist is enough to steer the story . Dipankar was too enamoured of  presenting the ‘Period’ and may have thought that to be the USP of the film but he was mistaken ; the backdrop is just a ‘prop’ the life and blood is the story and screenplay. Notwithstanding my disappointment with the film what goes to the credit of the director is creating good characters , making them perform in a subtle and effective manner. Sushant Rajput the main protagonist has worked on his gait and speech and little style and is likeable similarly is his client Bannerjee played by young Tewari; he has imbibed suitable mannerism less speech toward his performance. There are two main female characters contrast to each other and have emerged fairly fine, the seductive ‘Angoori’ does create interest among the audience. Kabir the soft spoken Dr Guha is the surprise packge and has come a long way from his ‘Ship of Theisus’ days in which he played a jain monk brilliantly, he will benefit the most from this film and commercial Bollywood roles would open out for him.

   After his last film ‘Shanghai’ failed to impress the audience it was expected that this time Bannerjee would perhaps not indulge in unnecessary complexities of plot and make a simple detective story lucid, but in order to be different yet again he seems to me to have missed the mark. I am labouring here to convey my disappointment with someone whom I like and who arrived with some small but sweet cinema and won many admirations and so the expectations were high. He is not run of the mill director , I therefore would say that ‘Detective Byomkesh Bakshy’ was an experiment with cinema which missed the mark. Maybe the film may surprise me by becoming a hit on the strength of the principal character who has a good following since his TV days, but it will remain a small consolation for Bannerjee and me for we were looking for a yet another ‘small wonder’.          

सोमवार, 22 दिसंबर 2014

WORDS AND VIEWS

WORDS   AND   VIEWS

LORD       DENNING

   
  In    1982  one of the finest English Judge  Lord Denning ( Alfred  Thompson  Denning  ) submitted his resignation  as ' Master   of the Rolls'  ; the third senior most Judge in England. He was in that chair for twenty years and could have continued till his Death. He was Judge for  38 years and many Lawyers consider him  as the Greatest Judge of the century. Many of his verdicts  resulted in changes in the 'British Common Law'.  What prompted his resignation were his remarks in a book in which he seems to have suggested that " some members of the Black community were unsuitable to serve as Juries ,  and that immigrant groups may have had different moral standards to native English". The views made the Black Lawyers complaint to the Lord Chancellor and he was also criticized in the Press. A distinguished career thus ended in an unnecessary blemish.
   This December  Peter Hollingworth, a senior Immigration Judge had to tender his resignation after he allegedly made racist comments against an Indian origin woman with surname  Patel. she had filed a case of harassment and was not present in the Court . When the Judge asked for her the prosecutor informed that she was not in Court. To this the Judge stated " She can't be doing anything important… with name like Patel she can only be working in a corner shop…" When she learnt of  his comments she complaint of the matter to the  Senior  Judge.
  Compared to the above , what has happened in our country; Sadhvi Niranjan Jyoti the Union Minister of State has said in her speech whilst seeking votes for her party to elect sons of Lord Ram ( Ramzade ) and not  Ilegitimate sons  ( Haramzade ). This provoked the opposition to seek her resignation but the Prime Minister pacified the Members .  Another Member of Parliament Sakshi Maharaj stated that " Godse was a Patriot" but was let off with an apology.

  Freedom of Speech is the Corner stone of a Democracy but it is  not unbridled  as it has responsibility and Accountability linked to it . Accountability to the people, the Judges resigned because they were aware of the ethos of their Nation and perhaps could understand the grave lapse which the 'People' would not tolerate. The two Parliamentarians uttered those words for they knew that the people may tolerate them or perhaps they knew that our people are too engrossed to meet their economic sustenance to oppose such  aberrations. But our Democracy will remain flawed till such time our  Law makers are not mature and refined  in their 'Words and Views'.

रविवार, 21 दिसंबर 2014

DHARMENDRA

DHARMENDRA


This year on 8th December was  the 79th  Birth Anniversary of Dharmendra. I learnt of it whilst surfing the channels and finally settling for the Hindi Music where songs of his films were being played and I remained hooked to it for about an hour : Aaaj Mausam bara beiman hai ( Loafer with Mumtaz ), Ke Aaja teri yaad Aayi O balam harjai ( Charas with HemaMalini ), Kuch kahta hai ye Saawan kya kahta hai ( Mera Gaon Mera Desh with Asha Parekh ), Kisi Shayer ki gazal Dream Girl ( Dream Girl with Hema Malini), Tera picha na mein chodunga Soniye ( Jugnu  with Hema Malini ), Pal Pal dil ke paas tum rehti ho ( Blackmail with Rakhi ), Kali palak piya mori ( Do Chor with Tanuja ), Bagon mein phool khilte hein ( Chupke Chupke with Sharmila Tagore ), Hum bewafa hargiz na the par hum wafa kar na sake ( Shalimar with Zeenat Aman) , Mein Jat Yamla Pagla Diwana ( Pratigya with Hema Malini )and many more.
  As a young boy in Dehradun in the middle sixties whilst watching 'Phool aur Patthar' at 'Prabhat' Cinema hall , I became his Fan. The Gym going culture has proliferated in recent times but it was  germinated  by Dharmendra with  the masculinity  he emanated when he  appeared shirtless spreading his protective arms over the docile Meena Kumari in the film. He is the original 'He Man'. To call him Handsome would be a mere simplification; he was much more. He appeared genuine, balanced, proportionate in all his performances. Though in the popular perception he is regarded as 'Macho' but his strength was more emotional than physical .That  was one reason that he was on top  for a very long time. His appeal was wide not only among the film going people of North India and UP, Delhi and Punjab in particular, but also among the film makers of all kind: Bimal Roy ( Bandini ) to Arjun Hingorani ( Kahani Kismet Ki ), Hrishikesh Mukherjee ( Anupama , Satyakam, Chupke Chupke
 ) to Anil Sharma ( Hukumat , Elaan -e – Jung,  Apne ), Ramanand Sagar ( Ankhen, Lalkar, Charas ) to Vijay Anand ( Blackmail, Ram- Balram, Rajput ) and many more. He acted in all the top banners and with  all the leading ladies of his time.
 Let us examine the roles which he did: A Poet  in 'Anupama'; a doctor in 'Bandini'; a secret agent in Ankhen and Yakeen; a thief in ' Do Chor ' and 'Kahani Kismet Ki'; a Union leader in 'Naya Zamana'; a Professor in 'Chupke Chupke' and  'Dillagi'; a Conman in 'Raja Jani', 'Phandebaaz' ,'Shalimar'; An Army Officer in 'Haquiquat' and 'Lalkar'. Part of the 'Underworld' in 'Yadon ki Baarat' and ' Hathiyaar'. A Dacoit in 'Patthar aur Payal', 'Gulami' and many films. A Manager of a Circus in 'Mera Naam Joker'.
  He must have given the maximum hits in Indian Cinema, it is my opinion, even more than Amitabh Bachhan both in terms of numbers and percentage. However his second innings was late and weak as there was a long gap when he started again. It was not nice to see him in 'Metro' struggling with his dialogues . However it was very shocking to see him killed by a rookie Neil Mukesh in 'Johnie Gaddar'; How can any one kill 'DRAEMENDRA'? No one can! He can only die in Battle for the Country as in 'Haquiquat' and 'Lalkar' , but in ordinary life no one can kill him. It is not done . It is bad Cinema!! This  was my reaction.
  It is reported that he was adjudged as one of the most Handsome Men by an International Magazine, however he does not require a certificate from anyone when the people had adjudged him as one. When  the International film maker Krishna Shah announced to make a film for International audience in India starring foreign and Indian actors most thought that Amitabh Bachhan would be cast , but he chose Dharmendra as the lead actor in 'Shalimar'. When the Indo-USSR joint venture was made it was Dharmendra cast in 'Alibaba and 40 thieves' as Alibaba.
  It was unfair to deny him the best Actor award by the 'Filmfare'  during his long career; his acceptance speech  on being given the 'Lifetime Achievement Award'  conveyed the pain. However the love which he received from the masses compensated all that. Time will also recognize him as a Good Actor and not merely a Star. He always played to his potential and never overplayed himself, remained within the realms of his abilities and therefore remained balanced.
 If I were to name Ten of his best films, these would be:
(a)              Phool aur Pathhar By OP Ralhan
(b)            Mera Gaon Mera Desh By Raj Khosla
(c)             Ankhen by Ramanand Sagar
(d)            Yadon ki Baarat by Nazir Hussain
(e)             Jugnu by Pramod Chakravorthy
(f)              Satyakam By Hrisikesh Mukherjee
(g)            Sholay By Ramesh Sippy
(h)            Pratigya By Dulal Guha
(i)               Blackmail By Vijay Anand

(j)               Gulami By  J P Dutta

बुधवार, 3 दिसंबर 2014

WHEN A DOG DIES !




                                     WHEN     A     DOG      DIES  !
  



     The  other day we heard  the sad news   that 'Action ' was no more . He was  a Labrador  and belonged to my younger brother's family and we too shared a strong bond with him. There was natural gloom in his Home; no one had expected 'Action' to pass away so soon ; he was only ten , was active and died of a probable kidney failure.

    My brother had named him 'Action' to always remind him of the profession that he was in ; always 'calling the shots' that of a film Director! It were difficult times for him when he had acquired the Dog; he had no projects in hand , his last film had not done well, however 'Action ' kept  him and the family happy, my niece would tie  'Rakhi'  to him.  Slowly things improved for him and he became an established and an Award winning Director. Well !'Action' joined 'Cloudy' at home; the she dog; a mix  of Lab and  our Indian variety. Both clicked; and were soul mates; I am told that for many days 'Cloudy' kept searching for him in the house unable to comprehend the tragedy. 'Action ' grew into a handsome dog; but 'Cloudy ' was the mistress of the house being senior and more sensible, even though ordinary looking .'Action' was a voracious eater and invariably ate 'Cloudy's' food too as she was frugal in her eating habits. He was 'unruly' and often chewed    shoes and sometimes 'mobile' phones too ! Once he munched  away my 'Rudraksha' mala which I had kept on the side table at night, out of the standard 108 beads only 26 remained, the rest he had swallowed ! In order to  civilize 'Action' one day my 'Sister –In- Law' called for the dog trainer, but soon after watching his 'corporal' methods  politely told him  to cease his training programme ; she was happy to have 'Action' as he was ,rather than make him  go through the torturous  routine. Ironically 'Action' belonged to an 'intelligent' family; his Father could count numbers.
  
    My brother , his wife and daughter are genuine dog lovers and in his initial struggling days he had brought home a 'Spitz'  who had a lease tied to him and was abandoned at night on the street , he had problem in one aft leg and would walk with a limp. He was named 'Santana' by my brother, after the famous lead guitarist Carlo Santana ( my brother is also a good guitarist! ). As boys we had gone gaga over his famous song' Black magic woman' . 'Santana' was small but courageous and would leap at the sight of big dogs, he was of indifferent temperament too , may be because of being ill treated as a puppy ! he had bitten at least once all my brother's  friends, it was believed among his  struggling friends that 'Santana' brought luck with his 'bite'! These days he has in his office another smart street  she dog 'Saiba' who remains glued near to his chair most of the time and does not allow any stranger near him. An acknowledgement to the 'emotional happiness' provided by these dogs appears at the start of his films.

    My take on Dogs  is that  they leave behind  abundance of emotion in the form of memories, unlike humans; in their death the family unites for they leave no disputes, no land , no material wealth which cracks  the families apart. The lesson they impart by their  'all giving' conduct  may refine our grossness and may make us more human. Another view and what once another dog lover told me is that " only those who keep dogs realize what others  were  being  deprived  of"'.  Keeping dogs is  a 'creative' experience a 'Catharsis' ; akin to writing a 'poem' or a 'song' or 'weaving a story'.

   As a tribute to 'Action' here I reproduce  a  poem written by Pablo Neruda on the death of his dog titled –  ' A   Dog   has   Died  ':

 

A Dog Has Died

TRANSLATED BY ALFRED YANKAUER
My dog has died.
I buried him in the garden
next to a rusted old machine.

Some day I'll join him right there,
but now he's gone with his shaggy coat,
his bad manners and his cold nose,
and I, the materialist, who never believed
in any promised heaven in the sky
for any human being,
I believe in a heaven I'll never enter.
Yes, I believe in a heaven for all dogdom
where my dog waits for my arrival
waving his fan-like tail in friendship.

Ai, I'll not speak of sadness here on earth,
of having lost a companion
who was never servile.
His friendship for me, like that of a porcupine
withholding its authority,
was the friendship of a star, aloof,
with no more intimacy than was called for,
with no exaggerations:
he never climbed all over my clothes
filling me full of his hair or his mange,
he never rubbed up against my knee
like other dogs obsessed with sex.

No, my dog used to gaze at me,
paying me the attention I need,
the attention required
to make a vain person like me understand
that, being a dog, he was wasting time,
but, with those eyes so much purer than mine,
he'd keep on gazing at me
with a look that reserved for me alone
all his sweet and shaggy life,
always near me, never troubling me,
and asking nothing.

Ai, how many times have I envied his tail
as we walked together on the shores of the sea
in the lonely winter of Isla Negra
where the wintering birds filled the sky
and my hairy dog was jumping about
full of the voltage of the sea's movement:
my wandering dog, sniffing away
with his golden tail held high,
face to face with the ocean's spray.

Joyful, joyful, joyful,
as only dogs know how to be happy
with only the autonomy
of their shameless spirit.

There are no good-byes for my dog who has died,
and we don't now and never did lie to each other.

So now he's gone and I buried him,
and that's all there is to it.
Source: Poetry (February 1999).


सोमवार, 10 नवंबर 2014

'NEHRU'--- TESTING TIMES

'NEHRU '  --     TESTING   TIMES  




When   I was   young at the University of Allahabad  being critical of Nehru was perhaps fashionable among us , maybe we were idealistic, influenced by Gurudutt's  'Pyaasa ' and the immortal song  'Jinhe naaz hai Hind par vo kahan hain?' (  where are those who are proud of India?  ), maybe the left leanings were at work, maybe it was  expected of students to be critical of the ruling regime and its 'ideologues '. Later the prejudices were discarded and a more balanced approach was taken to assess Nehru. Reading habit, discussions, comparisons, age, experience multiple reasons, realism!
  This year on the 14th of November  falls the 125th Birth Anniversary of Jawaharlal Nehru the first Prime Minister of India. What struck me was the news item stating that in the newly constituted committee for celebration of Nehru's anniversary  there is no one representing the Gandhi family ! meaning Sonia Gandhi and Rahul Gandhi are not in the committee. I felt good that that the Government is remembering its first Prime Minister though it was odd for Mr Modi to not mention his name in his Independence day speech even though he named other makers of  modern India. He mentioned him among the many Prime Ministers without naming him, he also announced the burial of the Planning Commission which was initiated by Nehru . I had found that strange and politically incorrect . Whatever the difference in ideology, Nehru after all was the builder of modern India and cannot be wished away . Many others felt so and commented that there is an attempt to erase Nehru's  name from the public memory. However with the celebrations in place  there seems to be some consideration toward his  contributions  and memory ;to what extent and in what form is yet to be seen.
      The Congress party in general and the Gandhi family in particular have not done justice to many Great leaders of the party who fought for freedom and contributed toward Nation building and so the anger of the people is directed  toward Nehru who has been the beneficiary of all the attention. Innumerable  institutions  are in his name , but leaders such as Patel, Rajaji, Azad , Ambedkar , Shastri, Netaji  and many others have not been given proportionate attention and regard. The Party and the Family could not ignore Mahatma but others they have. The actions have adversely affected all the good work of Nehru, who is treated in the same category as Indira, Rajiv, Sonia and now Rahul! Whereas Nehru belonged to the Nation and should continue to do so. This was being stated recently by Ramchandra Guha the eminent historian in a NDTV  programme.
  The  Statue  of    Sardar Patel   bigger than the statue of 'Liberty' being planned in Gujrat, the contract of which has been bagged by the L&T  Limited  is in my opinion  a reaction , a compensation to all those freedom fighters who have been ignored at the cost of the Nehru-Gandhi family.
   The excesses of the Congress have made people skeptical and suspicious of the achievements of Nehru as the youth and his  other critics see it as mere propaganda and a fair analysis is not done. Nehru was a multifarious personality and as many have observed he would have been famous as a writer had he not achieved what he did in politics . He was the star campaigner of the party in 1937 and 1942 elections in which the Congress participated. People loved him, therefore he could not be curtailed by his competitors in the party. He was a Democrat and of modern ideas and therefore during the freedom struggle  leaders and people of the various sections of the society could confer to him which  includes, so called extremists such as Chandrashekhar Azad, the minorities, the English , leaders of other Nations . His  organizational skills were known to the older leaders and therefore he was General Secretary of the party to many Presidents who were elected annually. He gave a balanced economy to the Nation a mixed economy which was also  accepted by the capitalists  at that time as they needed big industries under the Government control to supplement them. He contributed  in the drafting of the constitution and steered it in the Constituent Assembly. He did not compromise on the question of 'Secular' principles and did not allow to impose Hindi hurriedly otherwise this Nation would have been torn apart by sectarian violence. He established the IITs, he initiated the 'Asian Games'. He gave thrust to foreign affairs and made an impact in the world stage with his personality and ideas. He started the 'Non Aligned' movement with Nasser and Tito. He was a man of Science as well as Arts and gave impetus to atomic research. The list is long.
  His failures are many too. Failure of J&K issue, the Chinese debacle, lack of emphasis to primary education, being blind to  the flaws of some of his close aids such as his Defence Minister Krishna Menon.


Therefore I am happy that he is out of the safety of the Congress regime and out in the open and so his actions , success and failure would be discussed  without any fear or favour, which would perhaps be his 'litmus test'. I am confident that the new generation and all those who have not read him and are fed on the popular perception would give him a fair hearing and a balanced verdict

शनिवार, 27 सितंबर 2014

SUBJECTS FOR MODERN INDIAN CINEMA

SUBJECTS FOR MODERN INDIAN CINEMA





     Cinema is changing as the society is , the availability of information has made things easy for those who intend to work in details. The technology has made it possible to recreate  'History 'as the maker intends to present. Earlier it was cumbersome to present history; the past, for want of Budget and technology, events were 'broad brushed' as going into depth was neither possible nor was the audience mature , educated and homogenous to appreciate it. The 'Television', 'Internet' 'Mobile phones' have not only made the world 'Flat' but 'small'  too! Though commerce is still the prime mover of popular cinema and its bane, the refinement in the field of 'Art Direction', 'Special effects', 'Sound'  and 'Research' have activated imagination and vision. The American Cinema is offering us 'Lincoln' and 'King's Speech' and 'Avatar'- exploring the breadth and depth of the past and future! What can we do in India?
  We too are widening our approach and subjects. We have made 'Paan Singh Tomar', 'Bhaag Milkha Bhag', 'Ram Lila' and a film on 'Mohenjo Daro' has been announced but we need to  do more and take on historical subjects  to present to our audience certain 'Dramatic path breaking events/ incidents'  from our 'Freedom Struggle' which have shaped our present and continue to do our future too. The most successful film of the modern period was on 'Gandhi 'by Richard Attenborough, but that was many years behind. I have some subjects in mind for consideration: 
(A)           'Chouri Choura'. This could be the film on the 'non cooperation ' movement, the first such movement which Gandhi launched in the early 1920s. Many people left their secure jobs, many left school, it alerted the British, it motivated Bhagat Singh. However it turned violent when a mob set fire to  the  'Police station' at 'Chouri Choura' near Gorakhpur, killing 22 police men as a retaliation to the killing of one of its men. Gandhiji; withdrew the movement making many angry and frustrated as the movement had gathered momentum.
(B)           'Dandi-March'.  This was a unique way to continue with the freedom struggle devised by the Mahatma; a symbol of 'Economic Nationalism'. There was lull in the agitation against the British and when they decided to tax salt Gandhi found reason to break the law by making salt at various places in India and court arrest thereafter. Gandhi himself lead the march from Sabarmati ashram to the sea front near the coastal village of Dandi covering 240 miles; he united the people on the way. This was part of the civil disobedience movement of the 1930s and shook the British Empire. Salt concerns all; and he united the Nation on the subject of Salt; a practical lesson on Economic Nationalism!






(C)           'Quit india'. This was the last call of Gandhi before the Independence and the slogan 'Karo ya Maro' ( Do Or Die) was given by him. He told the British to Grant freedom to India if they wanted the whole hearted support of the Nation against the Fascists in the' Second World War'. The movement was launched from the 'Gowalia Tank Maidan' of Mumbai now famous as the 'August Kranti maidan'. The British responded by arresting the Congress leadership swiftly, lakhs of people were arrested, the movement finally convinced the Raj that there days were numbered.




(D)       'Swarajya'. This could be the story of Balgangadhar Tilak, popularly known as 'Lokmanya Tilak'. In the early 20th century and when Gandhi was in SouthAfrica there were two groups in the Congress- the 'Extremists' and the 'Moderates'. The Extremists were for the violent agitation against the British and was lead by the three fire brands popularly known as Bal, Pal and Lal meaning Bal  Gangadhar Tilak of the Maharashtra, Bipin Chandra Pal of the Bengal and Lala Lajpat Rai of the Punjab. The moderates were Gokhle , Phirojshah Mehta who were for negotiations and constitutional reforms. He organized mass celebration of 'Ganesh Chaturthi Feastival' and used the occasion to unite the people against the Foreign rule . He took out two Marathi newspapers-"Maratha' and 'Kesri'. He was arrested for carrying out seditious articles in his papers and sentenced to long term in jail which he accepted willingly. He gave the slogan' Freedom is my Birthright'( Swarajya Hamara Janmsidha Adhikar Hai)















(E)        'Nehru-Aur Bose'  Both Nehru and Bose were Great Leaders and contributed tremendously to the Freedom; each in his own way. The journey of Bose out of India and formation of 'Azad Hind Fauz' and thereafter fighting along with Japanese against British is part of the National history and motivates people beyond party lines. However what is not talked much is the role of Bose in the Congress, his differences with Gandhi and Nehru, how he ,despite being popular and winning the Presidential elections in the Haripura Congress made way for Gandhi. Nehru has published the exchange of letters between him and Bose in his collection of letters 'A Bunch of Letters' and it makes very interesting reading and material for a film concentrating on the relationship between Nehru and Bose!

(F)         Uprising.  In Feb 1946 the Naval sailors in Bombay revolted apparently on food and living conditions, but the motivation was the freedom struggle, the I N A trials , Subhash  Chandra Bose the Left ideology etc. It was for a few days only but covered a large number of ships and establishments and thousands of sailors were involved. The ' BombayMutiny' as it was called at that time had the local support of the Bombay people , the Police and they went out in Lorries. They were connected to each other by good communication network. The Congress and the Muslim League criticized the Revolt but The Communist party of India supported it. Sardar Patel arrived In Mumbai and counseled the revolting sailors and their leaders and the revolt was calmed. However, the sailors were put on trial and some Court Martials also happened. It was debated that whether it is correct for the Armed forces to Revolt in such circumstances? The other view was that for a slave Nation all means to attain freedom are fair. This was the argument which Bhulabhai Desai gave in Defence of the officers of the I N A during their trial. Many years later the Government re- nomenclatured the' Mutiny' as 'The Naval Uprising' and a memorial  in remembrance   of the sailors who participated is now erected in Colaba; Mumbai.  



(G)        Lal Salaam. The contribution of Left ideology to the freedom struggle is significant. Many were part of the Congress and were part of the group called the 'Congress Socialists', EMS Namboodripad , Jaiprakash Narayan , Narendra Dev are few such names. Some were outside and were involved in the Industrial Unions such as AITUC ( All India Trade Union Congress), which had the support of the Congress and Lala Lajpat Rai presided its first session in 1928. There were other leaders of imminence such as P C Joshi, his wife Subhadra Joshi, SA Dange, Ajoy Ghosh. Many were arrested in the famous 'Meerut conspiracy' case and since the British were aware of the impact of the 'Russian Revolution' they banned the Communist Party and the movement suffered a jolt in the late twenties when many of its leaders were in Jail.  In order to instill ideology among the people Art and Culture was adopted as means by P C Joshi the first Secretary General of the Communist Party of India and I P T A ( Indian people's Theater Movement) was born in Bombay. Khwaja Ahmad Abbas, Balraj   Sahni, Kaifi Azmi, Salil Chowdhary,Majrooh Sultanpuri, Josh Malihabadi were part of it. There was commitment of high order, sense of sacrifice, hardship.The group made many creative and motivating plays, songs and some films too. Many stayed in a commune at Andheri with limited means. The IPTA spread to many cities and was popular in Bengal too. There was 'Progressive Writers' Association' formed In 1934 by Sajjad 

Zahir, which was   Presided by Premchand. The movement suffered when the Secretary General of CPI was changed and B T Randev became the head , he followed an aggressive policy.